Container | Contents | ||||||||||||
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Series I: Formerly Incarcerated People (continued) | |||||||||||||
Kennie Namba Collection (continued) | |||||||||||||
Video Interview with Kennie Namba, July 10, 2003 (continued) | |||||||||||||
MV01: Topics covered include: family, farming, and the depression prior to the war; reactions and verbal abuse from whites prior to war; executive order to move to camps; losing everything and being loaded into trucks and taken to camp; reparation from the government; living conditions in the camps; decision to join the Army; service in the 442nd Regimental Combat Team; return to the states and discrimination by locals in spite of being in uniform; wife Ruth's discrimination in the town she grew up in; "No-no" group who refused to state their loyalty to the United States and service in the Army; split in the Japanese American community over the No-nos; and Ruth's war work in Minneapolis. Kennie Namba's wife, Ruth Inukai Namba, was also interviewed along with her husband for the last 30 minutes of the interview. Their joint segment focuses on her experience as a Japanese American formerly incarcerated person at Tule Lake, California, and life in Minneapolis, Minnesota, during World War II. | |||||||||||||
Calvin Ninomiya collection | |||||||||||||
Collection ID: 71769 | |||||||||||||
Digital content available | |||||||||||||
Ninomiya was incarcerated at Puyallup Assembly Center (a.k.a. "Camp Harmony"), Washington, and Minidoka Relocation Center, Idaho. After completing high school at Minidoka Relocation center, he attended Oberlin College, in Ohio. In 1946, he was drafted in to the United States Army and trained in military intelligence but was discharged on compassionate grounds after both of his parents died and his brother was killed in action. Following his discharge, he attended the University of Washington followed by law school at the University of Chicago and began a career with the United States Treasury. | |||||||||||||
BOX miniDV | Video Interview with Calvin Ninomiya, September 23, 2009 | ||||||||||||
86 minutes | |||||||||||||
Topics covered include: born in Seattle, Washington; unknown eldest sibling; lived in Seattle up to age 15; little contact with parents; father from Okayama; parents came separately for economic reasons; grew up in Japantown; 15 when Pearl Harbor was bombed; curfew; no understanding of direct effect of the war; street signs about forced remocal; too young to be too concerned; sent to Puyallup Assembly Center (a.k.a. "Camp Harmony"), Washington; fairgrounds converted to barracks; 9,000-10,000 people there, mostly from Seattle; arrived in May 1942; sent to Minidoka Relocation Center in August 1942; Bainbridge Island experience; considerable property losses for Japantown residents; forced reomoval was an example of militarized racism, used to usurp Japanese properties, prejudicial action; bad mark on United States government; amends and compensation not sufficient; brother was in service; was a student leader at Minidoka high school; Caucasian teachers at Minidoka; Minidoka located near Jerome, Idaho; how and why teachers were recruited; teachers lived close to gate of the Center; guidance counselor to help resettle or relocate children at the camp; attended Oberlin College in Ohio; difficult adjustment; brother was killed in action while Ninomiya was at Oberlin; senior roommate took him to congregational minister for counsel; received draft notice; went to Cleveland for physical examination; after first semester, went back to Minidoka ahead of draft (early 1946); worked at camp newspaper and for minister until called into service in June; inducted at Fort Douglas, Utah, with other Japanese Americans; sent to Camp Fannin, in Texas; integrated with white inductees (not black); notified that father had died while at Camp Fannin; parents had left Minidoka by 1946; father killed in hit-and-run, no ID at the time; mother left alone; compassionate leave for funeral; became member of different company on return; provision for sole surviving sons; transferred to Military Intelligence Service Language School at Fort Snelling; mother hospitalized; difficulty speaking to mother in Japanese; mother died before he could be discharged; discharged at Camp McCoy despite parents' death; had attended Japanese language after-school in Seattle; entered service around end of European War; brother served with the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, in Bruyeres; brother had poor eyesight; brother sent to Fort Sheridan, Illinois to do medical work; then directed to Camp Shelby to join 442nd Regimental Combat Team; letter from fellow service member; wife and Ninomiya visited Bruyeres; wrote article for Seattle Times; meeting other Japanese veterans through the article; brother's body sent to Seattle cemetery; wound up being the beneficiary of brother's GI insurance; after discharge, returned to Seattle; sister and brother-in-law operated a hotel; moved into a room in the hotel; attended University of Washington; graduated early; attended University of Chicago law school; decided to go into government work; got a job with the United States Treasury in Chicago; transferred to Washington DC; career with the Treasury. | |||||||||||||
BOX-FOLDER MSS-2020/1 | Clippings, May 30, 1999 | ||||||||||||
1 folder | |||||||||||||
MS01: Clipping pulled from "Seattle Times" about Ninomiya visiting the place where his brother died in World War II; also includes several images provided by Ninomiya's family that include: his brother, Ban's burial site at Epinal, France after his death in battle; Ninomiya's family standing at the monument of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team in the woods outside Bruyeres, France; Ninomiya and Ban before drafted in the Army; Ninomiya and wife stopping at a road sign "Rue du 442eme Regiment Americain d'Infanterie" in Bruyeres, France. | |||||||||||||
BOX-FOLDER MSS-2020/2 | Digital Prints, 1945-2009 | ||||||||||||
1 folder | |||||||||||||
PH01: Service portrait of Ninomiya [06/1945 - 02/1946]. PH02: Ninomiya at the time of interview [2009]. |
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BOX-FOLDER MSS-2020/3 | Photocopy of photographic prints, 1945-1946 | ||||||||||||
1 folder | |||||||||||||
PH03: Photocopy of a photograph of an unidentified man. PH04: Photocopy of a photograph of an unidentified woman. PH05: Photocopy of a photograph of Ninomiya and buddy. PH06: Photocopy of a photograph of an open field. | |||||||||||||
Alfred T. Nitta Collection | |||||||||||||
Collection ID: 70270 | |||||||||||||
Digital content available | |||||||||||||
Nitta was incarcerated at Minidoka Relocation Center, Idaho, before enlisting in the United States Army. He served with the 442nd Regimental Combat Team in Italy. | |||||||||||||
BOX CD/DVD-177 | Video Interview with Alfred T. Nitta, February 17, 2010 | ||||||||||||
39 minutes | |||||||||||||
MV01: Topics covered include: Early life and family; boyhood working on farm with siblings; enlisted while incarcerated at Minidoka Relocation Center, Idaho; service due to father's accident; basic training in Florida; emergency furlough; basic training again; after V-E Day; Camp Ritchie, Maryland; Japanese soldiers with weapons for troops on way to Pacific Theater; after V-J Day to Italy; Naples to Pisa; guard duty; public profile; members of 442nd Regimental Combat Team; treated well by Italians; lots of passes and no KP; German prisoners of war (POW) worked for United States Army; from Pisa with integrated unit; traveled all over Italy; citations; the usual but no combat; after 13 months in Italy spent 13 months in the United States; Camp Beale, California for discharge in 1946; not much communication; retired to farm; GI Bill; bought ranch from father with loan; own family with five children; military today does a good job; would do service again if asked; glad to be in 442nd Regimental Combat Team and honored everyone; gave money to National World War II Museum; name is on museum's wall; being asked by Army to play enemy soldier which was the worst experience in service. | |||||||||||||
George Okamoto Collection | |||||||||||||
Collection ID: AFC2001/001/85765 | |||||||||||||
Digital content available | |||||||||||||
Okamoto was incarcerated at Poston Relocation Center, Arizona, with his family as a teenager, but was released when he secured a job as an illustrator in Chicago, Illinois. In 1944, he decided to join the military. After being rejected by the Marine Corps and the Navy, he enlisted in the United States Army and served with Company I, 442nd Regimental Combat Team in Italy. He was severely wounded during combat operations in Northern Italy. Following his recovery, he was discharged and returned to Chicago to work as an artist and illustrator. | |||||||||||||
BOX AC-657 | Audio Interview with George Okamoto, January 10, 2007 | ||||||||||||
SR01: Topics covered include: Life in Poston Relocation Center, Arizona; brother drafted; enlisting to be with brother; Japanese Americans only allowed in Army and not other branches; digging fox hole; getting shot by Germans; one year in hospital; V-mail sent to parents. | |||||||||||||
BOX CDDVD-288 | Without Due Process: Japanese Americans and World War II, 1992 | ||||||||||||
44 minutes | |||||||||||||
MV01: Documentary about Japanese detention centers in the United States including interviews with the Okamoto, family members and others. | |||||||||||||
BOX-FOLDER MSS-02316/1 | Military papers, July 26, 1946 | ||||||||||||
1 folder | |||||||||||||
MV01: Okamoto's discharge paperwork (07/26/1946). | |||||||||||||
BOX-FOLDER MSS-02316/2 | Printed Matter, 2001 | ||||||||||||
1 folder | |||||||||||||
MS02: Cover submitted with documentary film MV01 (2001). | |||||||||||||
Toshikazu Okamoto collection | |||||||||||||
Collection ID: 106737 | |||||||||||||
Digital content available | |||||||||||||
Okamoto was incarcerated at Pinedale Assembly Center, California and Tule Lake Relocation Center, California. He was also briefly transferred to Heart Mountain Relocation Center, Wyoming. He was drafted into the United States Army in 1944, and served with the 442nd Regimental Combat Team in Italy. Following his discharge, he worked as a mechanic in the motor pool for the Seattle Fire Department. | |||||||||||||
BOX CDDVD-494 | Video Interview with Toshikazu Okamoto, August 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||
20 minutes | |||||||||||||
MV01: Topics covered include: biographical information; detention detention centers; drafted into Army; heavy duty mechanic, tanks, DUKW; unit forms, training in California; put with other Japanese soldiers, go to Italy; replacements for 442nd Regimental Combat Team; attached to the 88th Infantry Division 08/1944 to 09/1945; after war, visiting veterans; language problem, barrier at hospital; founding of Keiro nursing home; end of career, retirement; legacy, children. | |||||||||||||
William Hisao Omoto Collection | |||||||||||||
Collection ID: 65384 | |||||||||||||
Digital content available | |||||||||||||
Omoto was incarcerated at Salinas Assembly Center, California, and Poston Relocation Center, Arizona, before being drafted into the United States Army. He served with the 100th Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team, in France and Italy. | |||||||||||||
BOX CD/DVD-137 | Audio Interview with William Hisao Omoto, July 26, 2007 | ||||||||||||
56 minutes | |||||||||||||
SR01: Topics covered include: birth in Los Gatos, California, moving to Monterey, California, growing-up pleasant; how Monterey changed, more small town than now, walking to get places; parents, father moved to Monterey to work for Owl Cleaners, owned by friend, good with tools; after Pearl Harbor family moved to Gonzalez, sent to Salinas Assembly Center, California; train to Poston Relocation Center, Arizona; graduated from high school in detention center; enlistment in Army; living at camp being harder on parents than younger generation, participating in athletics, layout of camp; loyalty questionnaire received in detention center, asked if he pledged allegiance to the United States, if he would enlist in military, a few people replied no and were sent to federal prison; basic training; protest, anti-Japanese sentiment, Monterey close-knit community; when camp closed Monterey Herald published advertisement welcoming Japanese American citizens; Monterey Savings and Loan took care of house so still owned property; pay for work at camp, many families lost homes; when Pearl Harbor attacked, watching movie with brother, movie interrupted and soldiers told to report to base, parents worried, some families burning everything they owned with Japanese writing on it; government confiscated cameras, father collected old cameras, were returned after war; served in 442nd Regimental Combat Team, after basic training in Florida, visited family, some Japanese went into military intelligence; train back home, stopped in south, experiencing racial segregation, confusion over what bathroom to use; treated with respect while serving in Army, invited to sit in first class seating, preferential dining service on train; joining 100th Battalion, hearing about rescue of Lost Battalion in France, about 800 casualties, knew replacements were to be needed, serving on border between Italy and France; making friends with other Japanese Americans from Monterey area; work consisted of going on patrol in region, unit pulled out, sent to Italy, diversionary operation, supposed to trick Germans thinking it was full attack, was expected to just hold Germans but overran them to Lake Pomo, elite German troops left; what it was like going to war, aloof about participation in Europe, everyone thought Germany would be defeated, men of 442nd Regimental Combat Team worried they would not be sent to Pacific because of ancestry; when one patrol helping to carry ammunition for machine gun, sniper shot at them, bullet hitting his rifle, had to find another gun, finding a Thompson machine gun; named squad leader, leading men down vineyard to village, Germans firing on them, using vineyard as cover, Thompson gun had bad range, had to find new gun; man shot in stomach by sniper, died, from Monterey, friendly fire; in constant combat, not considered the worst, too young to be affected; not treated differently than white soldiers, the white soldiers often stuck up for them, when discharged in Chicago, Army members would buy them drinks; VE-Day, sent on time killing tasks, sightseeing, guarding prisoner of war (POW) camp, mostly old men; receiving medals, some upgraded by government years later; life after war, discharge, time in Chicago, moving to Monterey, fixing family home for father and brother, GI Bill for college at Hartnell, time working for bank, plumbing company, for county of Monterey, real estate appraiser, retirement; proud of service, friends who died from basic training by 88 millimeter shell, family proud of service, brother sending newspaper clippings about 442nd Regimental Combat Team. | |||||||||||||
BOX-FOLDER MSS-1885/1 | Photograph, July 26, 2007 | ||||||||||||
1 folder | |||||||||||||
PH01: A contemporary photograph of Omoto sitting in his home, Monterey, California (7/26/2007). | |||||||||||||
BOX CD/DVD-137 | Computer file, July 26, 2007 | ||||||||||||
1 CD | |||||||||||||
CF01: A CD-R containing audio recording (SR01) in MP3 format and photograph (PH01) in JPEG format. | |||||||||||||
Peter K. Ota Collection | |||||||||||||
Collection ID: 77134 | |||||||||||||
Digital content available | |||||||||||||
Ota was incarcerated at Santa Anita Assembly Center (Santa Anita Racetrack), California and Granada Relocation Center, Colorado (a.k.a. "Amache"), until he was drafted into the United States Army in 1944. He served with the 9206th Technical Service Unit in Kentucky and California as a Japanese interpreter for prisoners of war. | |||||||||||||
BOX CD/DVD-222 | Video Interview with Peter K. Ota, February 17, 2011 | ||||||||||||
52 minutes | |||||||||||||
MV01: Topics covered include: introduction; growing up in Los Angeles, mix of nationalities; parents born in Japan immigrated to United States in early 1900s; father in agriculture started own business; younger sister; Japanese incarceration; father, who was member of Chamber of Commerce, picked up by FBI, the family did not know where he was for two months; family sent to Santa Anita Assembly Center, father stayed in jail; detailed background on family being separated during incarceration; Granada Relocation Center, Colorado (a.k.a. "Amache"); attended school in the detention center; drafted 1944; segregated boot camp at Fort Knox, Kentucky; military did not know what to do with them; sent to Fort Meade, Maryland then orders overseas to Europe; end of war in Europe; sent to Angel Island, California; interpreter for Prisoners of War (POWs), Imperial Marines die-hards from Guadalcanal and Saipan, didn't believe war was over, included civilian soldiers and teenagers aged 14-16 from Okinawa; the teenagers wanted to stay in America, nothing left in Okinawa, they were kept separate from Marines; recreation, off base to visit friends in Oakland and San Francisco, California; wrote letters; moved to Los Angeles, California, after service father and sister already there; school on GI Bill, Accountant; met with friends from detention center, Joe Guerra, from elementary school; treatment by others, racism; spoke during government hearings on treatment of Japanese. | |||||||||||||
William T. Oune collection | |||||||||||||
Collection ID: 98428 | |||||||||||||
Digital content available | |||||||||||||
Oune was incarcerated at San Joaquin County Fairgrounds (Stockton, California) and Rohwer Relocation Center, Arkansas. Following World War II, he and his family moved to Japan, where he lived until 1950. After moving back to the United States, Oune studied English and worked on farms. He was drafted into the United States Army in 1952, and served as a translator in Japan and Korea. | |||||||||||||
BOX CDDVD-398 | Video Interview with William T. Oune, January 14, 2015 | ||||||||||||
90 minutes | |||||||||||||
MV01: Topics covered include: Early life in Lodi, California; grandparents immigrated through Hawaii (Kauai Island) in early 1900s, worked on a sugarcane farm, returned to Hiroshima, Japan; mother and father both born on Kauai; parents were American citizens, grandparents weren't; in 1931, parents wed in Japan then went to Hawaii; father's older brother was in Lodi; parents moved to California, worked in vineyards and fruit farms; childhood recollections; mother used box for makeshift crib while she picked grapes; went to Hamilton Elementary, then Buchanan Grammar School; at Buchanan when war started; spoke Japanese and English; parents' names; eldest of four siblings; got notice to assemble in 1942; some belongings, left furniture, cars; after Pearl Harbor, Oune suddenly became 'enemy' at school; peers were no longer friendly; harassment got worse; stopped attending school; aunt from Los Angeles came to stay in Lodi; parents were disappointed and angry; parents' attitudes about Pearl Harbor; grandparents in Japan had to surrender metal religious objects to government; living conditions for relatives in Japan during the war; parents kept working; farmer friend stored parents' belongings when they were incarcerated; assembled at Stockton horse racing track (Stockton Assembly Center); some people had to live in horse stalls; Oune and family lived next to aunt; waited for camps to be built; took train to Arkansas (Rohwer Relocation Center); swampy place; catching crayfish in flooded ditches at camp; attended third grade at camp; loyalty questionnaire; father was so angry about forced reomoval he signed "No-No", sent to Tule Lake Relocation Center, California; Tule Lake formerly incarcerated people made snail shell necklaces; father would harvest cypress cones in Rohwer for decorations; father excavated arrowheads at Tule Lake; farmland outside Rohwer; too isolated to try to escape; incident where guard shot an unjustly removed person, riot followed; tank came through camp as scare tactic; after war ended, family went to Japan in 1946; friend's recollections of Hiroshima bombing, black rain falling, people burned; grandparents protected by a mountain; injured Japanese had to go through grandparents' village to escape, impromptu nursing station set up for victims; cousin was in Hiroshima at the time of the bombing, was protected by a wall falling on her, had radiation cancer years later; impact of radiation on survivors of the Hiroshima bombing; family lived on grandparents' farm; father had a short-wave radio they smuggled into the detention center; heard news on the radio, like Emperor's surrender; discussion in the camp about why the war had even happened; rationing after war; ten people had to share a 100-pound bale of rice; made rice into gruel, add whatever vegetables handy; picked matsutake mushrooms; made compost; visited Hiroshima (city) unaware of radiation risks; desolation, ruins of city; went to see Atomic Bomb Dome; 13 years old when went to Japan, stayed till 18; grandfather said farm boys didn't need education; father was angry, said to study in America; parents wanted to return; Oune returned to United States in 1950; went to Lodi with relative; picked cherries, grapes; went to San Francisco to study English; started high school (freshman year) in 1951; picked pears in summer of 1952; got drafted into the Army that summer (age 20); no animosity from white people; parents' decisions re: staying in United States versus going to Japan; free boat ride to Japan; father and siblings returned to United States later; basic training at Fort Ord (infantry); sent to Japan, near Tokyo; ordered to Chiba for Korean language school; assigned to 23rd Company, Military Intelligence Service (MIS) as replacement for translator; sent to Korea; able to visit parents in Hiroshima; grandparents passed away during service; after Korean War ended, wanted to be a mechanic; used GI Bill to go to Northrop (mechanic school); caught Asian flu/pneumonia six months in; spent all money on medical care; had to work instead of go to school; mother stayed in Japan; after flu, worked in Japanese hardware store in Little Tokyo in Los Angeles for 12 years; bought a house in Fountain Valley; became a gardener, tree-trimmer; met wife through friend; dance group; first date; [wife joins interview]; wife's experiences in America; meeting each other in 1958; married in 1960; first child in 1962; childrens first visit to Japan; children and their occupations; family life; retirement; reflections on American attitudes and Muslim people; desire for global harmony. | |||||||||||||
Hank Oyama collection | |||||||||||||
Collection ID: 82752 | |||||||||||||
Digital content available | |||||||||||||
Oyama was incarcerated at Poston Relocation Center, Arizona, as a teenager. In 1945, he was drafted into the United States Army and received orders to serve as an interpreter in the Pacific. However, he did not speak Japanese, but spoke Spanish as a first language.(His mother, Mary Matsushima, was raised in Mexico and spoke primarily Spanish.) He was reassigned to a counterintelligence unit and deployed to the Panama Canal Zone as a Spanish translator. Following his release from active duty, Oyama earned degrees in education, pursued a career as an educator, and was an advocate for bilingual education. In addition to his career in education, he also served as an officer in the United States Air Force Reserve until 1982. | |||||||||||||
BOX CDDVD-260 | Video Interview with Hank Oyama, November 20, 2011 | ||||||||||||
77 minutes | |||||||||||||
MV01: Topics covered include: born in Tucson, Arizona; grew up in Mexican-American neighborhoods; mother grew up in Mexico; father died before Oyama was born; didn't speak Japanese but spoke Spanish and English; sent to Military Intelligence Service Language School (MISLS) to be interpreter in South Pacific; switched to counterintelligence because didn't actually speak Japanese; became counterintelligence agent in Central America in Canal Zone; education; buddies in Tucson asked him for help getting into LULAC, League of United Latin American Citizens; 15 when family was incarcerated; incarcerated for a year and two months; Del Webb's detention centers in Arizona; sent to Poston War Relocation Center, Arizona, which was on reservation land; sent to Phoenix by Greyhound then to Mayer finally to Poston; sandy jellybeans for dinner; mattresses filled with grass; housed in barracks; wire to form rooms; could not finish high school; signed up to cook at camp to secure food for family; schooling at the camp; activities and entertainment at the camp; jitterbug; needed a waiver to enlist, parents wouldn't sign; young men drafted from camps; friend refused service by barber because he was Japanese American; life at camp; nothing compared to European concentration camps; drafted at 18; no experiences of discrimination; basic training in Fort Hood, Texas; six or seven people including Oyama put in remedial Japanese; snow; USO shows; counterintelligence training in Baltimore; loyalty checks; had to do some surveillance, protect high ranking officers; given car and apartment; became an officer through ROTC; after the war ended, enrolled at University of Arizona; GI Bill; veterans' advisor Dave Windsor; easy English class; influence of mother, late wife, and present wife; childhood in Tucson; knew Linda Ronstadt and her father; 442nd Regimental Combat Team were highly decorated; Oyama was not in the 442nd Regimental Combat Team; advanced military in ROTC; when camp closed, ordered to report to Greyhound bus station and travel to Phoenix; bachelor's, Master's, honorary doctorate of laws from the University of Arizona; WWII helped the average American; gain wisdom in the service; GI Bill and middle class; worked at Safford Junior High School; went into Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) after time in Panama; Lieutenant Colonel in First Wartime Information Squadron detachment; one small unit per port of entry, including Tucson; inspection procedures; experiences as agent; inactive Air Force Reserve after University of Arizona; teaching at the same time; career as an educator; bilingual education; relationship to Mexican American community; racial and ethnic diversity in Tucson and elsewhere; reflections on military service and subsequent career; importance of education and Veterans History Project. | |||||||||||||
BOX-FOLDER MSS-2249/1 | Biography, 2011 | ||||||||||||
1 folder | |||||||||||||
MS01: A summary of Oyama's incarceration, service in the Army as a Spanish translator, and service in the Air Force as a reserve officer. | |||||||||||||
Roy M. Oyama collection | |||||||||||||
Collection ID: 19609 | |||||||||||||
Digital content available | |||||||||||||
Oyama was incarcerated at the Pinedale Assembly Center, California; Tule Lake Relocation Center, California; and Minidoka Relocation Center, Idaho. During his incarceration, he was permitted to leave the camps to work on local farms. In April 1945, he was inducted into the United States Army, and after training at Camp Wolters, Texas, he served with the 16th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division in Germany. Following his discharge, Oyama studied auto mechanics and bookkeeping, and eventually began a career with the United States Postal Service. | |||||||||||||
BOX CDDVD-14 | Video Interview with Roy M. Oyama, December 2, 2003 | ||||||||||||
68 minutes | |||||||||||||
MV01: Topics include: grew up on a farm in Auburn, Washington; two brothers and one sister; graduated from Auburn High School in 1941; participating in judo tournaments; not knowing what to do after school; on the day of the Pearl Harbor attack he heard the news on the radio and was shocked; receiving correspondence in their town from the “Western Defense Command and Fourth Army Wartime Civil Control Administration” regarding instructions for those with Japanese ancestry; feeling humiliated by being classified as an enemy alien (4-C) by the government; brother drafted into the Army in 1941; family evacuated and traveled by train for three days and nights to Pinedale Assembly Center, California, on May 10, 1942; relocating to Tule Lake Relocation Center, California, and then Minidoka Relocation Camp, Idaho; no guarantee that their belongings would be returned to them after the war; stuffing bags with straw to serve as their mattress; sinking into the asphalt while sleeping through the night; having to use community toilets; families were able to stay together while incarcerated; parents proud of brother’s service regardless of anti-Japanese sentiment during that time; drafted in April 1945 and classification changing to eligible for military service (1-A); Japanese housed at Tule Lake camp, became primary facility for Japanese that answered No and No to questions 27 and 28 of loyalty questionnaire; met wife Nori at Minidoka camp; wrote to his brother about volunteering for military service, leaving it up to the government on whether to serve in the Army or not; physical conducted in December of 1944; playing pinochle; writing to the General Services Administration requesting documents regarding time spent at detention centers upon approval of H.R. 442 in 1988; jeep patrols conducted at camp, not feeling any negative feelings from soldiers; Japanese Americans were extremely important in sugar beet harvesting; parents' bank account was put into older brother’s name during stay at detention centers; mother packed many of their personal belongings before moving to camp; radios while in camp; wanted to join the 442nd Regimental Combat Team but not able to; proud to serve in the Army; VE-Day; training at Camp Wolters, Texas; mother was living in Ogden, Utah when Oyama received word that her appendix had ruptured, he traveled back home and stayed with his mother for about a month; VJ-Day; going to Germany for Occupation duty; having conversation with Caucasian soldier about joining the Army despite anti-Japanese environment; government gave Japanese people who were forcibly removed from their homes $25 (only if family had less than $500 in savings) to relocate their families after ceasing detention centers; churches in Seattle, Washington, opened their doors for formerly incarcerated people that had no place to go; soldiers from the Minidoka Relocation Center suffered the most casualties and two Medal of Honor recipients (James K. Okubo and William Nakamura); returned to Idaho after tour in Germany; worked for the United States Post Office for 30 years; three sons, living with second son; not traveling back to Japan; mother was a “picture bride”; received letter from President George H. W. Bush apologizing for injustice of Japanese detention centers during World War II. | |||||||||||||
Sam S. Ozaki Collection | |||||||||||||
Collection ID: 75775 | |||||||||||||
Digital content available | |||||||||||||
Ozaki was incarcerated at Santa Anita Assembly Center (Santa Anita Racetrack), California, and Jerome Relocation Center, Arkansas, before enlisting in the United States Army in 1944. He served with the 442nd Regimental Combat Team in Italy and France. | |||||||||||||
BOX CD/DVD-210 | Audio Interview with Sam S. Ozaki, September 19, 2009 | ||||||||||||
67 minutes | |||||||||||||
SR01-SR02: Topics covered include: initial reaction to the bombing of Pearl Harbor; sent to Santa Anita Assembly Center (Santa Anita Racetrack), California, and then to Jerome Relocation Camp, Arkansas; thoughts on incarceration; loyalty questionnaire; reasons for enlisting; facing prejudice at Camp Shelby, Mississippi; BAR Man (Browning Automatic Rifle) in his platoon; serving with Daniel Inouye; experience with the Lost Battalion; keeping in touch with family; emotions experienced during battle; entertainment; brother, Yoji, also served with the 442nd Regimental Combat Team; recollections of high school friends in the 442nd Regimental Combat Team; career in education; incarcerated with only the possessions he could carry; father taken by the FBI, separated from the family; early education; job in the recreation department while incarcerated; reasons for enlisting; Lost Battalion; liberation of Dachau; impact of service on his life. | |||||||||||||
BOX-FOLDER MSS-2189 | Transcript, September 19, 2009 | ||||||||||||
1 folder | |||||||||||||
MS01: Transcript of SR01. | |||||||||||||
Kiyo Sato Collection | |||||||||||||
Collection ID: 68443 | |||||||||||||
Digital content available | |||||||||||||
Sato was incarcerated at Poston Relocation Center, Arizona. She left the camp to attend college in Michigan and became a nurse. During the Korean War, she joined the United States Air Force Nurse Corps and served in Texas, the Philippines, and Japan. | |||||||||||||
BOX miniDV | Video Interview with Kiyo Sato, August 27, 2009 | ||||||||||||
57 minutes | |||||||||||||
MV01: Topics covered include: Early life; reason for joining Air Force in 1951; rejected by Navy during World War II because she was Japanese American; nursing school; prejudice in Texas, 1951; assigned to Philippines; time at Clark Air Force Base (AFB); officers club; sent to Japan; father goes to America; pre-war prejudice in America; brother in 442nd Regimental Combat Team; Japanese reaction to her; goes to father's hometown and meets family for first time; discharged in Japan; awaiting orders; leaves Japan on USS Stillman; land issues while in camps; reaction to how her family was treated; Poston Relocation Center, Arizona; allowed to go East to college; federal investigation of her; Ms. Cox, school teacher saw her off to camps; brother went into Army; how people tried to normalize life for children's sake; father hid things in bedrolls; people brought seeds; young allowed to work outside of camps if they stayed away from West Coast; farming in camps; homelessness issue; locals' reactions to camps; guards' treatment; pranks played on guards; presentations to schools; life in the camps. | |||||||||||||
Rikio Sato Collection | |||||||||||||
Collection ID: 57663 | |||||||||||||
Digital content available | |||||||||||||
Sato was incarcerated at the Portland Assembly Center, Oregon, and Heart Mountain Relocation Center, Wyoming, until he was drafted into the United States Army in 1945. He served in military intelligence at Fort Douglas, Utah; Fort Hood, Texas; Fort Snelling, Minnesota; Presidio of Monterey, California; and Fort Ord, California. | |||||||||||||
BOX CD/DVD-100 | Video Interview with Rikio Sato, September 10, 2007 | ||||||||||||
65 minutes | |||||||||||||
MV01: Topics covered include: family life before the war; renting a farm from the local Indian tribe; difference between Nisei and Issei; family being friendly with the neighbors until Pearl Harbor; not expecting to be evacuated; family getting orders to leave and only having two weeks to get ready; ending up in the Portland Assembly Center, terrible conditions; "I still don't understand why as an American citizen, you should be going anywhere if you don't want to"; just going along with the situation; a lot of people volunteering for the service to prove their loyalty to the government; conditions at the "apartments" in the Heart Mountain Camp; having traditional Japanese activities in the camp; guards at the camp; jobs; working with German prisoners; registering for the draft when he turned 18; Japanese Americans who were drafted and refusing to serve; being trained in Military Intelligence; possibility of being used for the invasion of Japan; parents' feelings about him being drafted; the government not extending any extra incentives or benefits to his family when he entered the military; Japanese American women entering the service; meeting a lot of different people and making friends while in the service; not experiencing any prejudice while in the service; thoughts on the war ending; experiencing prejudice by a local barber upon returning to his hometown; dealing with prejudice; feeling dissatisfied with the amount of compensation received; how his perceptions of prejudice and racism in America have changed over the years; thoughts on the 442nd Regimental Combat Team; thoughts on Tokyo Rose and the lack of Japanese American sabotage; family members who have also served in the military. | |||||||||||||
Susumu Satow Collection | |||||||||||||
Collection ID: 42986 | |||||||||||||
Digital content available | |||||||||||||
Satow was incarcerated at Granada Relocation Center, Colorado (a.k.a. "Amache"). In July 1943, he enlisted in the United States Army, and served with the 442nd Regimental Combat Team in Italy and France. | |||||||||||||
BOX miniDV | Video Interview with Susumu Satow, January 31, 2006 | ||||||||||||
55 minutes | |||||||||||||
MV01: Topics covered include: military service, locations of assignments; high school baseball, outfielder, family of 11; enlisting in Army; Japanese American experience; news and media; assignments, camps; incarceration at Granada Relocation Center, Colorado (a.k.a. "Amache"); working on local farm until volunteered for military; training at Camp Shelby; 442nd Regimental Combat Team, Italy; part of a 81 millimeter mortar squad, Europe, Rome, regimental combat team; wounded in France with shrapnel; Bronze Star, radio lineman, assisting wounded staff sergeant at forward outpost and called in artillery; coming home by ship; working as an apprentice at McClellan, radar electronics; coming home, to Chicago; news report; hobbies, golf, gardening. | |||||||||||||
Helen Terada Shintaku Collection | |||||||||||||
Collection ID: 439 | |||||||||||||
Digital content available | |||||||||||||
Shintaku was incarcerated at Poston Relocation Center, Arizona. Prior to the war she was training as a nurse at Perez Valley Hospital in San Diego, California. While incarcerated, she worked as a nurse's aide in the camp. She was released from the camp to continue her training at Episcopal Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | |||||||||||||
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