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| Transcripts of oral history interviews of the Richard M. Nixon Presidency, 1992-1994 (continued) | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 4/23 | Oral history interview with Donald Segretti, 1993-01-18 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on January 18, 1993 ; recorded at Newport Beach, California. | |||||||||||||
| Segretti was a political operative in charge of the "dirty tricks" operations to discredit Democratic candidates in the 1972 Presidential campaign. | |||||||||||||
| Segretti discusses his recruitment by White House appointments secretary Dwight Chapin and White House staff assistant Gordon Strachan to work for on political operations under the codename of "black advance"; setting up black advance operations in various primary states during the 1972 Presidential campaign; Segretti's operational authority coming from the White House and not the Committee to Releect the President (CRP); the motivation for "dirty tricks" operations in the 1972 campaign; how staff persons in President Richard Nixon's administration got caught up in committing illegal and unethical activities; the Watergate scandal and its motivation; Nixon's relationship with the media; Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein; Segretti's attempts to receive legal advice from White House Counsel John Dean; and Richard Nixon's legacy. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 4/24 | Oral history interview with George Shultz, 1993-08-12 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on August 12, 1993 ; recorded at Palo Alto, California. | |||||||||||||
| Shultz was U.S. Secretary of Labor, 1969-1970, first Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 1970-1972, and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, 1972-1974. | |||||||||||||
| Shultz discusses his appointment to President Richard M. Nixon's first Cabinet as U.S. Secretary of Labor; Office of Management and Budget (OMB) meetings with Nixon; insecurity amongst senior staff over Nixon's second term Cabinet reshuffling; Nixon's preference for working on foreign affairs over economic policy; the White House initiative to have the IRS audit persons on an "enemies list" and the Treasury Department's refusal to carry out the audits; and Richard Nixon's Presidential legacy. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 4/25 | Oral history interview with Rocco Siciliano, 1993-01-18 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on January 18, 1993 ; recorded at Beverly Hills, California. | |||||||||||||
| Siciliano was U.S. Under Secretary of Commerce, 1969-1971, and part-time member of the Federal Pay Board, 1971-1973. | |||||||||||||
| Siciliano discusses his appointment as U.S. Under Secretary of Commerce; then Vice President Richard M. Nixon during the President Dwight D. Eisenhower administration; the difference in management style between Presidents Eisenhower and Nixon; working with Nixon White House staff, expecially Special Counsel Charles Colson; and Richard Nixon's legacy. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 4/26 | Oral history interview with Joseph Sisco, 1993-12-03 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on December 3, 1993 ; recorded at Washington, D.C. | |||||||||||||
| Sisco was Assistnt Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, 1969-1974, and Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, 1974-1976. | |||||||||||||
| Sisco discusses the reservation of Middle East policy to the care of the U.S. Department of State during the President Richard M. Nixon administration; the centralization of other foreign affairs in the U.S. National Security Council under National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger; and the Rogers Plan, U.S. Secretary of State William Rogers' policy for resolving lingering points of contention in the aftermath of the Israel-Arab War of 1967. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 4/27 | Oral history interview with James St. Clair, 1993-09-30 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on March 1, 1994 ; recorded at Boston, Massachusetts. | |||||||||||||
| St. Clair was special counsel to President Richard M. Nixon in 1974. | |||||||||||||
| St. Clair discusses being hired as part of President Richard M. Nixon's legal defense for the Watergate investigations; technical investigation of the taping equipment used for the Oval Office tapes after the discovery of an 18 minute gap in one tape; St. Clair's arguments before the Supreme Court on July 8, 1974; the evidence of the "smoking gun" tape of the June 23, 1972 Oval Office staff meeting; and Richard Nixon's legacy. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 4/28 | Oral history interview with Maurice Stans, 1994-02-15 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on February 15, 1994 ; recorded at Pasadena, California. | |||||||||||||
| Stans was chair of the finance committee for Richard M. Nixon's 1968 Presidential campaign; U.S. Secretary of Commerce, 1969, 1972, and president of the finance committee of the Committee to Reelect the President (CRP) for Nixon's 1972 Presidential campaign. | |||||||||||||
| Stans discusses then Vice President Richard M. Nixon's relationship with President Dwight D. Eisenhower; Nixon's unsuccessful 1960 and 1962 Presidential and California gubernatorial campaigns; Nixon's time in New York City between his 1962 campaign and his 1968 Presidential campaign; financing the 1968 campaign; Stans' appointment as U.S. Secretary of Commerce; domestic policies, including minority capitalism; Stans' 1971 trip to the Soviet Union to discuss trade relations and Soviet debts to the U.S. carried over from the Lend Lease loans of World War II; the Watergate scandal; Stans' financing role for Nixon's 1972 Presidential campaign; Committee to Reelect the President (CRP) General Counsel G. Gordon Liddy; the investigation of Nixon campaign finances in the wake of the Watergate scandal; and his refusal to accept an anonymous contribution to the campaign from Italian banker Michele Sindona. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 4/29 | Oral history interview with Viktor Sukhodrev, 1994-05-24 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on May 24, 1994 ; recorded at New York City, New York | |||||||||||||
| Sukhodrev was English-language interpreter for Communist Party of the Soviet Union General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev. | |||||||||||||
| Sukhodrev discusses the reaction among Soviet leaders to U.S. President Richard M. Nixon's election in 1968; the Strategic Arms Limitations Talks between Nixon and Communist Party of the Soviet Union General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, Premier of the Soviet Union Aleksei Kosygin, and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Nikolai Podgornyi; Soviet leaders' reactions to the Watergate scandal and the notion that the U.S. President might be impeached; reactions to the U.S. military alert during the Arab-Israeli War of 1973, and Nixon's diplomatic summit with the People's Republic of China; and U.S. National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 4/30 | Oral history interview with William Sullivan, 1994-02-28 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on February 28, 1994 ; recorded via telephone. | |||||||||||||
| Sullivan was Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, 1969-1973, and U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines, 1973-1977. | |||||||||||||
| Sullivan discusses negotiating with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam War; the President Richard M. Nixon doctrine of foreign policy; the Nixon administration's reaction to the anti-Vietnam War movement in the U.S.; Electronic Data Systems (EDS) founder H. Ross Perot and the politicization of the prisoner-of-war issue in Vietnam; Vietnamization policy; the geopolitics of the Vietnam War; U.S. Secretary of State William P. Rogers and his role in foreign policy development; Sullivan's learning that he was being wiretapped by the White House; RAND Corporarion analyst Daniel Ellsberg and the leak of the Pentagon Papers; the impact of losing the war in Vietnam on U.S. geopolitics; and Richard Nixon's character. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 4/31 | Oral history interview with Vernon A. Walters, 1993-08-24 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on August 24, 1993 ; recorded at Washington, D.C. | |||||||||||||
| Walters was a Lieutenant-General in the U.S. Army, defense attache at the U.S. Embassy in Paris, France, 1967-1972, peace negotiator in U.S. National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger's secret talks with the government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and Deputy Director of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1972-1976. | |||||||||||||
| Walters discusses his work carrying out secret negotiations with representatives of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Paris, under the direction of U.S. National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger; being sent while U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Deputy Director to make unofficial contact with representatives of Palestinian groups responsible for carrying out airplane hijackings; President Richard M. Nixon's relationship with the media; Nixon's character and leadership qualities; Nixon's policy toward Communist nations; the Arab-Israeli War of 1973; the CIA and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)'s involvement in the Watergate investigation; the Watergate scandal; and the legacy of Richard Nixon's Presidency and the Vietnam War. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 4/32 | Oral history interview with Gerald Warren, 1993-08-18 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on August 18, 1993 ; recorded via telephone. | |||||||||||||
| Warren was White House Deputy Press Secretary in the Presidents Richard M. Nixon and Gerald Ford administrations, 1969-1975. | |||||||||||||
| Warren discusses Richard M. Nixon's 1962 California gubernatorial campaign; Nixon's relationship with the media; the Vietnam War; U.S. Vice President Spiro Agnew; Nixon's 1972 Presidential campaign; life in the White House press corps; Washington Post reporters Bob woodward and Carl Bernstein; and President Richard M. Nixon's character and personality. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 4/33 | Oral history interview with William Westmoreland, 1994-01-05 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on January 5, 1994 ; recorded via telephone. | |||||||||||||
| Westmoreland was commander of the U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), 1964-1968, and U.S. Army Chief of Staff, 1968-1972. | |||||||||||||
| Westmoreland discusses the prosecution of the Vietnam War during the President Lyndon B. Johnson administration; Westmoreland's Vietnam War strategy; the policy of Vietnamization; and the strategy of withdrawal. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 4/34 | Oral history interview with David Wilson, 1994-01-19 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on January 19, 1994 ; recorded at Washington, D.C. | |||||||||||||
| Wilson was staff assistant in the office of White House Counsel John Dean, 1971-1973. | |||||||||||||
| Wilson discusses the routine business of the Office of the Counsel to the President under John Dean; Wilson's responsibilities as assistant to Dean; President Richard M. Nixon's relationship with the White House staff; working with Committee to Reelect the President (CRP) General Counsel G. Gordon Liddy on election requirements for Nixon's 1972 Presidential campaign; the Watergate scandal; CRP security director James McCord; and Dean's involvement in Watergate and other abuses of the Nixon administration. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 4/35 | Oral history interview with Bob Woodward, 1994-03-08 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on March 8, 1994 ; recorded via telephone. | |||||||||||||
| Woodward was a reporter for the Washington Post who, with fellow reporter Carl Bernstein, conducted that newspaper's investigative work of the Watergate scandal. Coauthor with Bernstein of their account of the investigation, All the President's Men. | |||||||||||||
| Woodward discusses President Richard M. Nixon's character and personality; Nixon's legacy and political rehabilitation in the wake of the Watergate scandal and his resignation from office; the question of Nixon's responsibility in the events and cover up of Watergate; Woodward's investigation of Watergate after learning of the break-in; the question of Watergate informant Deep Throat's identity; and charges of inaccuracies and falsehoods made by critics of Woodward's book All the President's Men, particularly those made in the 1992 book Silent Coup by Len Colodny and Robert Gettlin. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 4/36 | Oral history interview with Aharon Yariv, 1992-10-30 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on October 30, 1992 ; recorded at Ramat Aviv, Israel. | |||||||||||||
| Yariv was head of the Directorate of Military Intelligence in the Israeli Defense Forces, 1964-1972, Advisor on Counterterrorism for Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir, 1972-1973, and government minister in the Knesset, 1974-1975. | |||||||||||||
| Yariv discusses the Arab-Israeli War of 1973; U.S. President Richard M. Nixon; and Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 4/37 | Oral history interview with Ronald Ziegler, 1994-01-25 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on January 25, 1994 ; recorded at Alexandria, Virginia. | |||||||||||||
| Ziegler was White House Press Secretary in the President Richard M. Nixon administration, 1969-1974, and Assistant to the President, 1973-1974. | |||||||||||||
| Ziegler discusses Richard M. Nixon's political campaigns through 1968; Ziegler's role as Press Secretary for President Nixon and the level of access he enjoyed; Nixon's leadership style and character; the tapes of recorded conversations in the Oval Office, and meetings between Ziegler, Acting Special Counsel Leonard Garment, and White House Chief of Staff Alexander Haig about whether the tapes should be destroyed or allowed to be turned over for evidence in the Watergate investigations; the questions of whether White House Counsel John Dean conducted an official investigation into Watergate as alleged by the White House, and who ordered the Watergate break-in; Nixon's legal defense; and the last days of Richard Nixon's Presidency. | |||||||||||||
| Transcripts of oral history interviews of the Ronald W. Reagan Presidency, 1995-1996 | |||||||||||||
| Oral history interviews conducted by Gerald S. and Deborah H. Strober for their book entitled Reagan: The Man and His Presidency. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 5/1 | Oral history interview with James Abrahamson, 1996-10-05 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on October 5, 1996, by telephone. | |||||||||||||
| Born in 1933, Abrahamson was a lieutenant general in the US Air Force; associate administrator, NASA; and director of the Organization for the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) in the Office of the Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan. Abrahamson left the SDI program in 1989 and thereafter worked in the private sector. | |||||||||||||
| Abrahamson recalls the 1983 speech in which President Ronald Reagan suggested the idea that led to the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). He then discusses various reactions to the speech, the search for a civilian director for the new program, the origin of the "Star Wars" label, the decision to place Abrahamson in charge of SDI, the policy basis for SDI, opposition to the program, and the program's effect on "the demise of adversarial Communism in Russia." | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 5/2 | Oral history interview with Elliott Abrams, 1995-08-16 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on August 16, 1995 ; recorded at Washington, D.C. | |||||||||||||
| Abrams was U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for International Organizations, 1981; Assistant Secretary for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, 1981-1985; and Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs, 1985-1989. | |||||||||||||
| Abrams discusses human rights policy and the role of neoconservatives within the President Ronald Reagan administration; political pressure placed on the Soviet Union to improve conditions for Jews in that country; Reagan's controversial visit to a cemetery in Bitburg, Germany, where multiple Waffen-SS troops were buried; diplomatic relations with Commander of the Panamian Defense Forces and U.S. Central Intelligence agent Manuel Antonio Noriega; the Iran-Conta Affair, including the question of the knowledge or involvement of Vice President George Bush, the investigation by Independent Counsel Lawrence Walsh, and Reagan's decision to not grant pardons to Iran-Contra defendants; and the legacy of the Reagan administration. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 5/3 | Oral history interview with David Abshire, 1996-06-06 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on June 6, 1996 ; recorded at Washington D.C. | |||||||||||||
| Abshire was a member of the the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, 1981-1982, U.S. Ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1983-1987, and Special Counselor to President Ronald Reagan with Cabinet rank, 1987, to deal investigate the Iran-Contra affair. | |||||||||||||
| Abshire discusses the development of a the Strategic Defense Initiative program as an alternative to the deterrence doctrine of the early Cold War; his role as Independent Counsel to assist with the investigation of the Iran-Contra affair ; andthe believability of Reagan's denial that he was unaware of the transfer of funds in the Iran-Conta deals. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 5/4 | Oral history interview with Martin Anderson, 1995-09-26 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on September 26, 1995 ; recorded at Palo Alto, California. | |||||||||||||
| Anderson was a senior advisor to Ronald Reagan's 1976 and 1980 Presidential campaigns; Assistant to the President for policy development, 1981-1982; member of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, 1982-1985; and member of the President's Economic Policy Advisory Board, 1982-1989. | |||||||||||||
| Anderson discusses Ronald Reagan's 1980 Presidential campaign; the possibility of selecting former President Gerald Ford as Reagan's Vice-Presidential running mate, and the actual selection of George Bush for that role; the post-election transition from the Jimmy Carter to the Reagan Presidential administration; key staffing decisions, including James Baker for White House Chief of Staff, Alexander Haig for Secretary of State, and William Casey for Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Director; the Iran-Contra affair; Reagan's quest for a defense system against nuclear missiles, the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) to replace the Cold War deterrence strategy of mutually assured destruction; and Reagan's chracter and personality, especially his optimistic nature. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 5/5 | Oral history interview with Hudson Austin, 1995-09-02 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on September 2, 1995 ; recorded at Richmond Hill Prison, Saint George's, Grenada. | |||||||||||||
| Austin was a general and commander of the People's Revolutionary Army of Grenada from the establishment of the People's Revolutionary Government in 1979 to the overthrow of that government following the invasion by the United States Army in October 1983; Austin also served as Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of Grenada from October 19 to October 25, 1983, following the coup that ousted Grenadian Prime Minister Maurice Bishop. | |||||||||||||
| Austin discusses the opposition of the President Ronald Reagan administration to the revolutionary government of Grenada; the coup that overthrew Grenadian Prime Minister Maurice Bishop in October 1983, and Bishop's assassination by members of the People's Revolutionary Army of Grenada. Austin denies the justifications claimed by the United States for the invasion of Grenada, including charges that American medical students in Grenada were endangered by the coup or the subsequent curfew; that Dominican Prime Minister Eugenia Charles appealed to the United States for intervention; or that Grenada was being turned into a base and arms cache for exporting Communism in the Caribbean. Austin offers opinions about the objections of other countries to the United States' invasion plans; and about the strategic and political reasons behind Reagan administration plans to invade. Austin further discusses the events of the United States' invasion of Grenada, including the accidental bombing of a mental hospital by the U.S.; support within Grenada for the invasion; and the subsequent arrest and trials of Grenadian officials, including Austin. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 5/6 | Oral history interview with James Baker, 1996-01-30 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on January 30, 1996 ; recorded at Washington, D.C. | |||||||||||||
| Baker was White House Chief of Staff, 1981-1985, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, 1985-1988, and campaign manager for George H.W. Bush in the 1980 and 1988 Presidential elections. | |||||||||||||
| Baker discusses the proposal to have former President Gerald Ford serve as Vice President and White House Chief of Staff within the administration of President Ronald Reagan, and the subsequent decision to choose Republican Presidential candidate George H. W. Bush as Reagan's Vice Presidential running mate in the 1980 general election; supply-side economics; Baker's appointment as White House Chief of Staff in Reagan's administration, and his relationship with Presidential counselor Edwin Meese; First Lady Nancy Reagan; working in the White House, and dysfunction within the national security apparatus under Reagan; Reagan's injury from an assassination attempt, the decision to not invoke the 25th Amendment during his incapacity, and the subsequent resignation of Secretary of State Alexander Haig; Baker's job switch with Secretary of the Treasury Donald T. Regan, and Regan as White House Chief of Staff; the Iran-Contra Affair; and efforts to fight global Communism. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 5/7 | Oral history interview with Ze'ev Begin, 1996-08-01 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on August 1, 1996 ; recorded at Jerusalem, Israel. | |||||||||||||
| Begin is the son of Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel from 1977-1983. Ze'ev Begin worked for the Geological Survey of Israel before beginning his own political career, being first elected to the Knesset in 1988. | |||||||||||||
| Begin discusses the reaction of U.S. President Ronald Reagan's administration to Israel's bombing of an Iraqi nuclear reactor in 1981; the sale by the United States of Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) planes to Saudi Arabia; U.S. Secretaries of State Alexander Meigs Haig and George Pratt Shultz; the war between Israel and Lebanon that began in 1982, and reaction of the Reagan administration to Israeli actions. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 5/8 | Interview with George Bush, 1996-07-18 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted via fax machine on July 18, 1996. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 5/9 | Oral history interview with Adolfo Calero, 1995-09-05 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on September 5, 1995 ; recorded at Managua, Nicaragua. | |||||||||||||
| Calero Portocarrero was president from 1983 of the political directorate of the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN), the largest of the contra rebel groups opposing the government of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), which controlled Nicaragua from 1979-1990. | |||||||||||||
| Calero discusses his dealings with U.S. National Security Council staff member Lt. Colonel Oliver North; the anti-Communist Contra movement in Nicaragua in the 1980s and its opposition within Nicaragua and the United States; charges that the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN) was involved in drug trafficking; and Panamanian President Manuel Noriega's role in supporting anti-Communist groups in Nicaragua and adjacent countries. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 5/10 | Oral history interview with Frank Carlucci, 1996-06-05 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on June 5, 1996 ; recorded at Washington, D.C. | |||||||||||||
| Carlucci was Deputy Director of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1978-1981, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense, 1981-1983, U.S. National Security Advisor, 1986-1987, and U.S. Secretary of Defense, 1987-1989. | |||||||||||||
| Carlucci discusses working as Deputy to U.S. Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger; Carlucci's role as U.S. National Security Advisor acting as mediator between Weinberger and U.S. Secretary of State George Schultz; U.S. President Ronald Reagan's unofficial policy advisors, including former President Richard M. Nixon; Reagan's defense and human rights policy for the Soviet Union; and White House Chief of Staff Ronald Regan. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 5/11 | Oral history interview with Sophia Casey and Bernadette Casey Smith, 1995-08-22 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on August 22, 1995 ; recorded at Roslyn Harbor, Long Island, New York. | |||||||||||||
| Sophia Casey and Bernadette Casey Smith are the wife and daughter respectively of the late William Casey, campaign director for Ronald W. Reagan's 1980 Presidential campaign, and U.S. Director of Central Intelligence, 1981-1987. | |||||||||||||
| Casey discusses U.S. Director of Central Intelligence William Casey's conflicting working relationship with White House Chief of Staff James Baker; William Casey's insecurity about publishing his memoirs; and charges made by Washington Post assistant managing editor Bob Woodward and U.S. President Ronald Reagan's domestic policy coordinator Martin Anderson that William Casey was an instrumental figure in the Iran-Contra Affair. Casey Smith discusses William Casey's running of Reagan's 1980 Presidential campaign; his subsequent job as Director of Central Intelligence; and the Cold War strategy of continuing pressure on the Soviet Union in global conflict zones to force that country to overspend its budget. Casey Smith refutes allegations made that William Casey was the central planner of the diversion of funds in the Iran-Contra Affair, especially the claim made by Woodward that William Casey confessed while hospitalized in 1987 for brain tumor treatment, but affirms William Casey's support for the Contra rebels in Nicaragua. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 5/12 | Oral history interview with Eugenia Charles, 1996-07-16 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on July 16, 1996 ; recorded at Washington, D.C. | |||||||||||||
| Charles was Prime Minister of Dominica, 1985-1990, and simultaneously Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs and Minister of Foreign Affairs. Charles was a cofounder of the Organization of Eatern Caribbean States (OECS), and served as its chair from 1983 forward. | |||||||||||||
| Charles discusses meeting with Grenadian Prime Minister Maurice Bishop at a conference of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS); efforts by the Soviet Union and Cuba to spread Communism in the Caribbean; the arrest and assassination of Bishop in a coup in 1983; the subsequent request by the OECS for U.S. intervention in the Grenadian revolution; and her belief that those convicted of crimes in the Grenadian coup should have been executed as punishment. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 5/13 | Oral history interview with William P. Clark, 1996-07-15 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on July 15, 1996 ; recorded via telephone. | |||||||||||||
| Clark was U.S. Deputy Secretary of State, 1981-1982, U.S. National Security Advisor, 1982-1983, U.S. Secretary of the Interior, 1983-1985, chair of the President's Task Force on Nuclear Weapons Program Management, 1985, member of the President's Task Force on Defense Management, 1985-1986, and Presidential emmissary to the chairmen of the Navajo and Hopi Indian Tribes. | |||||||||||||
| Clark discusses U.S. President Ronald Reagan's administrative style; Clark's working relationship with Secretary of State Alexander M. Haig while serving as the latter's deputy; Clark's role as liaison between the State Department and the White House, and his switch to National Security Advisor to improve coordination; and Reagan's Cold War strategy against the Soviet Union, including the initiation of the Stragic Defense Initiative (SDI). | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 5/14 | Oral history interview with Duane R. Clarridge, 1996-07-01 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on July 1, 1996 ; recorded at Escondido, California. | |||||||||||||
| Clarridge was chief of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)'s Latin American division, 1981-1984, chief of the CIA's European division, 1984-1986, and founding director of the CIA's Counterterrorism Center in 1986 before leaving the CIA in 1988. In November 1991, Clarridge was indicted on seven counts of perjury related to his testimony on the Iran-Contra Affair, and pardoned in December 1992 by President George H. W. Bush before the completion of his trial. | |||||||||||||
| Clarridge discusses U.S. Director of Central Intelligence William Casey; Clarridge's appointment as head of the Latin American division of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); CIA operations in Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua; the growth and development of the Contra resistance movement against the Sandinista government of Nicaragua; the Achille Lauro hijacking incident; the 1986 bombing of Libya by the United States; the affair where U.S. government employee Jonathan Jay Pollard was discovered to be spying for the state of Israel; Nicaraguan Contra leaders including Adolfo Calero Portocarrero, Arturo J. Cruz, Alfonso Robelo Callejas, and Miguel d'Escoto; the United States war with Grenada in 1983, and U.S. Marine Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North's role in it; the 1983 bombing of the Marine Barracks in Beirut, Lebanon; Panamanian President Manuel Antonio Noriega; the Restricted Inter-Agency Group (RIG), its structure, and Oliver North's role in it; planning the naval mining of Nicaragua's harbors; American hostages in the Middle East; and the development of the arms for hostages policy that led to the Iran-Contra Affair. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 5/15 | Oral history interview with William J. Crowe, 1996-03-19 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on March 19, 1996 ; recorded at London, England. | |||||||||||||
| Crowe was and Admiral in the U.S. Navy who held successive appointments as Commander-in-Chief, Allied Forced Southern Europe, 1980-1983; Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Pacific Command, 1983-1985; and Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1985-1989. | |||||||||||||
| Crowe discusses briefing U.S. President Ronald Reagan prior to the latter's first visit to China; Crowe's role as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under new legislation making him advisor to the President and the National Security Council; the conflict between Secretary of State George P. Shultz and Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger; former U.S. President Jimmy Carter and the military; the legacy of the Vietnam War in U.S. military planning; the Soviet Union's Chief of the General Staff Sergey Akhromeyev; the Reykjavik summit between Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union, and the disagreement of the Joint Chiefs of Staff with the discussed plans for arms limitations; the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) program; and Marine Lieutenant Colonel and National Security Council staff member Oliver North, and North's role in the Iran-Contra Affair. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 5/16 | Oral history interview with Arturo Cruz, Sr., 1995-09-06 | ||||||||||||
| Interview conducted by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S. Strober on September 6, 1995 ; recorded at Managua, Nicaragua. | |||||||||||||
| Cruz was president of the Central Bank of Nicaragua, 1979-1980, moderate member of the Junta of National Reconstruction, 1980-1981, Nicaraguan Ambassador to the United States, 1981. Cruz then resigned from participation in the Sandinista government and returned to private life. In 1984, he was Presidential candidate for the opposition group Coordinadora, and in 1985 cofounded the United Nicaraguan Opposition, a union of major Contra rebel groups, from which he resigned in 1987. | |||||||||||||
| Cruz discusses the Sandinista revolution of 1979 in Nicaragua; the early support for the Sandinistas as overthrowers of the Somoza government, and the erosion of that support over time; the Sandinistas' reliance on the Soviet Union for support and their regime's collapse with the end of the Cold War. Cruz offers his opinions as to the futility of the Contra war against the Sandinista government, and its unfortunate side effects. Cruz further discusses the 1984 Nicaraguan elections, and the support he received from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to be a candidate for the Presidency; U.S. Marines Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, and his work providing funding to the Contra rebels; and the downfall of the Sandinista regime in Nicaragua. | |||||||||||||
| BOX-FOLDER 5/17 | Oral history interview with Nicholas Daniloff, 1995-11-16 | ||||||||||||
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