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NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund records, 1915-1968

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CRIMINAL LAW
The fund litigated cases in which a defendant claimed denial of due process because of racial discrimination. Usually these cases raised questions about jury selection, coerced confessions, competent legal representation, and unfair sentencing. Some cases involved lynchings; others concerned police misconduct and racial segregation in prisons.
Alabama
Alabama v. Fikes, 1953
Arrington v. Alabama, 1949-1950
Fikes v. Alabama, 1953-1956
Hamilton v. Alabama, 1964
Huff v. Alabama, 1957
Middlebrooks v. City of Birmingham, 1964
Reeves v. Alabama, 1953-1957
California
Civil Rights Congress of the City and County of San Francisco v. Warren, 1950
Hardyman v. Collins, 1950
In re Middlebrooks, undated
Nichols v. McGee, 1957
Connecticut
Connecticut v. Higgs, 1953-1955
United States ex rel. Rogers v. Cummings, 1956
Florida
Florida v. Jordan, 1951
Furlow v. Florida, 1965
Irvin v. Florida, 1953
Shepherd v. Florida, 1950-1952
Georgia
Georgia v. Henderson, 1950
Georgia v. Ingram, 1948
Georgia v. Walker, 1966
Griffin v. Georgia, 1951
Ingram v. Georgia, 1948
Jones v. Balkcom, 1953
Mosley v. Georgia, 1955
Whitus v. Georgia, 1961
Worthy v. Foster, 1948
Illinois
Illinois v. Atkins, 1954
Illinois v. DeRose, 1951
Williams v. Illinois, 1951
Iowa
Iowa ex rel. Hooper v. Bennett, 1959-1960
Louisiana
Guice v. Mayeaux, 1954
Leib v. O'Neal, 1954
Maryland
Adams v. Maryland, 1953
Michigan
Clark v. Michigan, 1956
Mississippi
Hawkins v. Mississippi, 1955
Johnson v. Mississippi, 1954-1955
Kennard v. Mississippi, 1961-1963
Mississippi v. Johnson, 1954
Robinson v. Mississippi, 1955
United States ex rel. Goldsby v. Wiggins, 1957
New Jersey
Dukes v. Hanna, 1952-1954
New Jersey v. Lewis; New Jersey v. Parker, 1948
Williams v. Glasco, 1949
New York
Capel v. Shaw, 1949
Cavers v. Grasheim, 1961
New York ex rel. Bracey v. Salter, 1949
New York v. Cornelius, 1955
New York v. Kelly, undated
Woodruff v. Village of Port Chester, 1951
North Carolina
Daniels v. North Carolina, 1949-1950
In re Ingram, 1953
North Carolina v. Jackson, 1954
North Carolina v. Simmons, 1951
Ohio
Haley v. Ohio, 1948
United States v. Brandt, 1954
Pennsylvania
Brown v. Baldi, 1953-1954
Pennsylvania ex rel. Hatton v. Dye, 1953
Pennsylvania ex rel. Johnson v. Thomas, 1944
Tennessee
Barkley v. Tennessee, undated
Chandler v. Fretag, 1952
Hale v. Tennessee, 1955
Kennedy v. Tennessee, 1948
Tennessee v. Pillow, 1946
Texas
Cassell v. Texas, 1949
Hill v. Texas, 1942
Holland v. Texas, 1948
Ivey v. Texas, 1952
In re Rooks, 1952
South Carolina
South Carolina v. Bullock, 1959
South Carolina v. Harvey, 1951
Utah
Neal v. Graham, 1954
Virginia
Bailey v. Virginia, 1950
Barrett v. Jewett, 1950
Hampton v. Smith, 1950
Leakes v. Virginia, 1953
Scull v. Committee on Law Reform & Racial Activities, 1957
Tinsley v. City of Richmond, 1961
Washington, D.C.
Hall v. United States, 1947
DOMESTIC RELATIONS
Antimiscegenation laws were challenged, as were those which prohibited interracial cohabitation or which imposed special penalties if the offenders were of different races. Similarly, the fund challenged adoption and child custody cases which were based on racial considerations.
New York
Meenan v. Meenan, 1954
EDUCATION
Discrimination in education was the fund's primary area of litigation from the 1940s to 1960s. Initial efforts were directed at gaining equal facilities and curriculum for students and equal pay for teachers in Negro schools. By the 1950s, it had been clearly demonstrated in the courts that separate schools would never be equal. Thereafter, cases aimed for integration at all levels of public education: first in professional schools, and then in elementary and secondary schools, colleges, and universities.
Arizona
Phillips v. Phoenix Union High Schools, 1953
Arkansas
Abernathy v. Izzard, 1955
Brewer v. Hoxie School Dist. No. 46 of Lawrence County, 1944, 1955-1956
Brown v. Ramsey, 1948-1949
Morris v. Williams, 1945
California
English v. Pasadena School Bd., 1953
Romero v. Weakley; Burleigh v. Weakley, 1955
Delaware
Steiner v. Simmons; Simmons v. Steiner, 1954
Wilson v. Beebe; Johnson v. Beebe, 1951
Florida
Boyd v. Board of Control of Fla., 1949-1951
Florida ex rel. Hawkins v. Board of Control, 1950-1958
McDaniel v. Board of Pub. Instruction, 1941
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