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| Container | Contents | ||||||||||||
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| PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS | |||||||||||||
| Segregation in public accommodations, recreational facilities, and transportation were daily manifestations of "Jim Crow." Racial distinctions in public accommodations were usually not imposed by state statutes; many facilities banned African Americans or were segregated by custom, or local ordinance and regulation. Cases of racial discrimination were brought against auditoriums, hospitals and health facilities, hotels, insurance companies, libraries, restaurants, cafeterias, and lunch counters, retail stores, theaters and other places of entertainment. | |||||||||||||
| Alabama | |||||||||||||
| Alabama v. Johnson, 1963-1965 | |||||||||||||
| City of Montgomery v. Montgomery Improvement Ass'n, 1956 | |||||||||||||
| Jones v. Southeastern Greyhound Lines, 1953 | |||||||||||||
| Arkansas | |||||||||||||
| Johnson v. Crawfis, 1954 | |||||||||||||
| Florida | |||||||||||||
| Boldan v. Allen, 1964 | |||||||||||||
| McDuffie v. Florida Turnpike Auth., 1960-1961 | |||||||||||||
| Georgia | |||||||||||||
| Coke v. City of Atlanta, 1958-1960 | |||||||||||||
| Hawaii | |||||||||||||
| Merrit v. Green Room, 1951 | |||||||||||||
| Illinois | |||||||||||||
| Burroughs v. Sanitary Dist. of Chicago, 1951 | |||||||||||||
| Stewart v. Lincoln-Douglas Hotel Corp., 1952 | |||||||||||||
| Iowa | |||||||||||||
| Rice v. Sioux City Memorial Cemetery, 1953 | |||||||||||||
| Kansas | |||||||||||||
| Becknell v. Trig, Inc., 1957 | |||||||||||||
| City of Wichita v. Morton, 1948 | |||||||||||||
| Kentucky | |||||||||||||
| Moorman v. Morgan, 1954 | |||||||||||||
| Muir v. Louisville Park Theatrical Ass'n, 1953 | |||||||||||||
| Louisiana | |||||||||||||
| Arnaud v. Arnaud's Restaurant, Inc., 1964 | |||||||||||||
| Maryland | |||||||||||||
| Law v. Mayor of Baltimore, 1948 | |||||||||||||
| Michigan | |||||||||||||
| Bishop v. Statler Hotels, 1957 | |||||||||||||
| New York | |||||||||||||
| Castle Hill Beach Club, Inc., v. Arbury, 1955 | |||||||||||||
| North Carolina | |||||||||||||
| Eaton v. Board of Managers of James Walker Memorial Hosp., 1956 | |||||||||||||
| Hall v. Roanoke-Chowan Hosp., 1965 | |||||||||||||
| Ohio | |||||||||||||
| Colbert v. Coney Island, 1953-1956 | |||||||||||||
| Fletcher v. Coney Island, Inc., 1954-1956 | |||||||||||||
| Pennsylvania | |||||||||||||
| Manning v. Crowl, 1953 | |||||||||||||
| Tennessee | |||||||||||||
| Mathews v. Orgill, 1958-1960 | |||||||||||||
| Texas | |||||||||||||
| Plummer v. Casey, 1953 | |||||||||||||
| Williams v. Hilton Hotels Corp., 1958 | |||||||||||||
| Virginia | |||||||||||||
| Boynton v. Virginia, 1959-1960 | |||||||||||||
| Bradshaw v. Whigam, 1965-1966 | |||||||||||||
| Henry v. Virginia, 1961-1963 | |||||||||||||
| Robinson v. Hunter, 1961 | |||||||||||||
| Washington, D.C. | |||||||||||||
| District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co., Inc., 1950-1953 | |||||||||||||
| Williams v. Hot Shoppes, Inc., 1960 | |||||||||||||
| West Virginia | |||||||||||||
| Brown v. County Court of Kanawha County, W.Va., circa 1959 | |||||||||||||
| Wisconsin | |||||||||||||
| Lange v. Rancher, 1953 | |||||||||||||
| RECREATIONAL FACILITIES | |||||||||||||
| The fund undertook cases which specifically targeted segregated recreational facilities supported by public funds such as parks, beaches, swimming pools, golf courses, and tennis courts because these cases provided a clear and strong challenge to separate-but-equal precepts. Later, the fund brought cases of racial discrimination against privately owned and operated facilities. | |||||||||||||
| Florida | |||||||||||||
| Youngblood v. Snow, 1955 | |||||||||||||
| Georgia | |||||||||||||
| Woods v. Murrah, 1956 | |||||||||||||
| Kansas | |||||||||||||
| Bailey v. Smith, circa 1953 | |||||||||||||
| Louisiana | |||||||||||||
| Detiege v. New Orleans City Park Improvement Ass'n, 1949-1951 | |||||||||||||
| Maryland | |||||||||||||
| Boyer v. Garrett, 1948 | |||||||||||||
| Bryant v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 1950 | |||||||||||||
| Dawson v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, Md., 1947-1956 | |||||||||||||
| Missouri | |||||||||||||
| Shields v. City of Chillicothe, 1955 | |||||||||||||
| Williams v. City of Kansas City, 1951-1953 | |||||||||||||
| New Jersey | |||||||||||||
| Scurry v. Sukup, 1951 | |||||||||||||
| Valle v. Stengel, 1949 | |||||||||||||
| South Carolina | |||||||||||||
| Clark v. Flory, 1956 | |||||||||||||
| Commings v. City of Charleston, 1960-1961 | |||||||||||||
| Walker v. Shaw, 1961-1963 | |||||||||||||
| Tennessee | |||||||||||||
| Easterly v. Dempster, 1952 | |||||||||||||
| Hart v. Knox County, 1948 | |||||||||||||
| Texas | |||||||||||||
| Beal v. Holcombe, 1951 | |||||||||||||
| Byars v. White, 1955-1956 | |||||||||||||
| Fleming v. Garrison, 1955 | |||||||||||||
| Register v. Sandefer, 1949 | |||||||||||||
| Virginia | |||||||||||||
| Department of Conservation & Dev. v. Tate, 1956 | |||||||||||||
| Washington, D.C. | |||||||||||||
| Camp v. Recreational Bd. for the District of Columbia, 1951 | |||||||||||||
| TRANSPORTATION | |||||||||||||
| The fund challenged various state laws requiring segregated travel in buses and trains. Suits contended that separate quarters were not equal and also raised jurisdictional questions. The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was eventually vested with the authority to revoke segregation when it impeded interstate commerce, and cases involving segregation on interstate trains and buses were thereafter heard by the ICC. Local transit authorities, mainly city bus and street-car systems, continued to be challenged in the courts. | |||||||||||||
| Alabama | |||||||||||||
| Jones v. Southeastern Greyhound Lines, 1953 | |||||||||||||
| California | |||||||||||||
| Whitmore v. Southern Pac. Co., 1951 | |||||||||||||
| Florida | |||||||||||||
| City of Jacksonville v. Watkins, 1946 | |||||||||||||
| Herndon v. Tallahassee Transit Co., 1957 | |||||||||||||
| Taylor v. Seaboard Air Line R.R., 1953 | |||||||||||||
| Georgia | |||||||||||||
| Coke v. City of Atlanta, 1958-1960 | |||||||||||||
| Illinois | |||||||||||||
| Johnson v. Illinois Cent. R.R., 1951 | |||||||||||||
| Ward v. Chicago & E. Ill. R.R., 1951 | |||||||||||||
| Maryland | |||||||||||||
| Henderson v. United States, 1950 | |||||||||||||
| New York | |||||||||||||
| Jackson v. Seaboard Air Line Ry., 1947 | |||||||||||||
| New York | |||||||||||||
| Morris v. Greyhound Corp., 1954 | |||||||||||||
| NAACP v. Saint Louis-San Francisco Ry., 1953 | |||||||||||||
| Worthy v. Louisville & Nashville R.R., 1948 | |||||||||||||
| North Carolina | |||||||||||||
| Keys v. Carolina Coach Co., 1952-1961 | |||||||||||||
| South Carolina | |||||||||||||
| Brown v. South Carolina Elec. and Gas Co., 1956 | |||||||||||||
| Flemming v. South Carolina Elec. and Gas Co., 1954-1956 | |||||||||||||
| Tennessee | |||||||||||||
| Evers v. Dwyer, 1958 | |||||||||||||
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